In what ways does Shakespeare make Duncan’s death dramatic? Essay

â€Å"Macbeth† is a tragedy filled with deceit, evil and ambition. However what makes this play so great is the way in which Shakespeare unfolds the drama to us. In the play â€Å"Macbeth†, Shakespeare makes the death of Duncan dramatic in many ways. A way in which Shakespeare makes Duncan’s death appear so dramatic is by the fact that his â€Å"loyal and trusted servant† is the one to kill him. This sense of irony heightens the drama as from the description of Macbeth, he would be the last person to expect this from. Macbeth is the hero of the play as well as being the villain and it is this dual role that makes the play seem so dramatic. Shakespeare adds a twist into the play by making Macbeth appear to be something which he is not. He is first presented to us as a loyal servant to the king and to Scotland. This is reflected by Duncan’s appreciative comments such as â€Å"more is thy due than more than all can pay† and the superlative â€Å"o worthiest cousin.† We are told that due to his heroic acts in the battlefield, he is going to replace the Thane of Cawdor, who has been deceitful, and betrayed Duncan. This tells us that Duncan has already been betrayed before. Macbeth is courageous and looks up to Duncan, to whom he sees it his duty to protect and honour. We find out that Duncan himself is not a fighter himself as he is unaware of what brutal things have happened on the battlefield because he says, â€Å"What bloody man is that? He can report, as seemeth by his plight† (Act 1, Scene 2, line 1) This tells us Duncan is the type of King who stays in his castle and leaves the soldiers do the fighting. There has been a civil war in Scotland, which indicates to us that Duncan’s kingship is being doubted, hence the reason for the Thane of Cawdor betraying him and thus becoming a traitor. We are also made aware of the central issue of the chain of Beings and the Divine Right of Kings. The order is God, King, Nobles and finally ordinary people. The King sees himself, as does everyone else, as God’s representative on Earth, and killing him is by far worse than killing an ordinary person. If the chain is ever broken chaos is said to break out and in this way Shakespeare makes Duncan’s death dramatic as by killing him, Macbeth will cause chaos because he is in fact murdering someone who has been chosen by God. Duncan is the King of Scotland. Recently there has been political unrest, and there has been an attempt to overthrow him. He is presented to us as a religious, innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve man. Duncan is seen as naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. He says, â€Å"There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face†. (Act 1, Scene 4, line 11-12) This metaphor indicates to us that he is a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve man. He is so innocent that appears that it will be easy for Macbeth to take advantage of him. Here he claims that one cannot tell by looking at someone what they are thinking. As he believes this, he makes no attempt to see through people. This makes us question his judgement as he had built â€Å"absolute trust† on a man that had betrayed him. This also makes the audience wonder whether he will be deceived again by the man that will take the The Thane of Cawdor’s position and therefore add to the sense of drama by giving the audience a sense of intrigue. Macbeth is in a dilemma whether he should or should not kill the king. This is all revealed in Macbeth’s soliloquy where he speaks alone to the audience, revealing his inner most thoughts. This is a dramatic way in which Shakespeare lets us know what the characters are really thinking. In this speech Shakespeare creates a sense of catastrophe by the language with which he gives to Macbeth. He recognises that he should not do the â€Å"deed† when he states that as the â€Å"Host† † he should against his murderer shut the door not bear the knife myself.† This poetic language makes us realise that Macbeth is sensitive and adds a sense of drama as it makes us more aware that what he is doing is greatly wrong. The heavy sounding d of â€Å"deep damnation† sticks in the audiences ears as Macbeth is sensitive as indicated by the poetic language. â€Å"Hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d, against the deep damnation of his taking-off† (Act 1, Scene 7, line 18-20) The imagery of angels telling heaven and voices like trumpets to cry out against the deed, which is not what he wants, and so he eventually decides not to do it. This makes Duncan’s death dramatic because it is such a huge decision to make and there is a ‘twist and turn’ in him making his decision, and the fact that Duncan is linked with religious imagery in the form of angels. Shows the impact of the death high lighting that â€Å"every eye† shall be affected reinforcing what a loved man Duncan is Act Two opens dramatically with darkness surrounding the stage and the audience in suspense as to whether or not Macbeth will commit â€Å"the horrid deed.† However, by the end of the scene, Macbeth decides to kill Duncan, after being persuaded by his wife. Lady Macbeth has ambitions for him. She wants him to be king and has always wanted this for her husband, and is determined that he fulfils his ambitions. She persuades him and tells him her plan. All Macbeth has to do is put it into action. This leaves the ball in Macbeth’s court. Everything is set up for him, and all that is left for him to do is commit the murder, which also adds to the drama. Lady Macbeth also adds drama as she waits downstairs waiting for Macbeth to report to her after he has murdered Duncan. This leaves us in suspense over whether he is going to follow his own will or that of his wife, and we are kept in suspense. Just before killing Duncan, there is another soliloquy. Macbeth imagines that there is a dagger in front of him, which is guiding him towards killing Duncan. He is ready to kill, and he is in a horrific state. All the evil things are coming together, and he is breaking the order. In doing this, he is going against the Divine Right of Kings, and is going against the whole world. There is darkness and Macbeth does not want the whole world to see how evil he is. When the bell rings, that is the point where he proceeds to murder Duncan, who once again has failed to read ‘the minds construction in the face.’ We are not shown the killing and in this way it appears more dramatic as we are left to imagine for ourselves. After killing Duncan, Shakespeare makes things more dramatic and this is shown by the language that Shakespeare gives to Macbeth to convey his sense of guilt. He tells his wife, â€Å"One cried ‘God bless us!’ and ‘Amen’ the other, as they had seen me with these hangman hands, list’ning their fear, I could not say ‘Amen’ when they did say ‘God Bless us’.† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 29-32) Macbeth cannot pray, and this is shown to us when Macbeth is obsessed with his inability to say â€Å"Amen†, as he knows that he has been seen with his bloody hands after murdering Duncan. He is conscience stricken as he struggles to say â€Å"Amen†. Macbeth now feels cut off completely from God, and there is no longer a relationship between himself and God and because God has seen everything he has done, he can never turn to him again, and pray. Macbeth also feels haunted by a voice saying that he has murdered and will never sleep again, â€Å"Me thought I heard a voice cry, ‘sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 37-39) Now Macbeth thinks he hears a voice that is telling him that he will never sleep again. All this makes Duncan’s death so dramatic, not because of the way Macbeth killed him, but the consequences going through Macbeth’s head afterwards. Not only is Macbeth unable to pray, but now he is unable to sleep as well. Also the fact that Macbeth feels that not even an entire ocean can wash his hands of the deed, suggests a state of total damnation. He says, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash all this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incardine, making the green one red† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 63-64) Macbeth feels that not even an entire ocean can remove the guilt and wash the blood from his hands, and instead the countless masses of water will turn blood red, because there is so much of it, and the green sea a red sea. Macbeth’s guilt is expressed through the image of blood, and he believes no matter what he does or where he goes, the guilt will always be there with him. Macbeth finally admits how great the crime he has committed is, when he says, â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst† (Act 2, Scene 2, line 77) Macbeth wishes he could turn back time. He wishes that the moment when he plunged the dagger into Duncan’s flesh never happened, and that he could make it disappear. He says that if it were possible to bring Duncan back to life he would. This seals Macbeth’s misery, and makes the death seem even more dramatic because the murderer himself is miserable and regrets killing Duncan.

Common Wealth Games

After having organized the Asiad Games successfully in 1982 at Delhi, India has been fortunate enough to be honoured by Commonwealth Games Federation to perform the duties of a host nation to the 19th edition of Commonwealth Games scheduled to be inaugurated on October 3, 2010 at Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium. The Grand Gala opening ceremony was two-and-half hours duration which was a must-see event for sports lovers all over the world. Initially, these games were organized in different names.From 1930 to 1950, they were known as British Empire Games. From 1954 to 1966 the games were styled as British Empire and Commonwealth Games. From 1970 to 1974 the games were called British Commonwealth Games and finally from 1978, these games were re-christened as Commonwealth Games. Since then no change has taken place in the nomenclature. The Commonwealth Games are entirely based on Modern Olympic Games pattern. They are conducted and organized regularly after every four years interval.All rules regulations of Modern Olympic Games apply to Commonwealth Games in letter and spirit. The difference between Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games is that while Olympic Games covers 27 disciplines of competitive sports, Commonwealth Games organisation is holding competition only in 17 sports disciplines. Therefore, Commonwealth Games can justifiably be termed as â€Å"Mini Olympics†. Almost 10,000 sportspersons, including coaches and officials from 71 Commonwealth nations, would be in the fray to vie for supremacy in skills, speed, strength and stamina.As expected, Australia, Britain and Canada with their biggest contingents of sportspersons would most likely be dominating the present event, but India – the host nation – would not be lagging far behind. India’s prospects at the Games are certainly bright. The host nation is expected to win medals in the following disciplines. Archery and wrestling have been most popular pastime for the population of ancien t civilisations of India, Greece and Egypt. These countries have traditionally been producing good archers and wrestlers.Indian archers have very recently won a gold medal in Archery’s ‘Recurve’ event at Shanghai. The Recurve team of India consisting of Rahul Bannerji, Jayant Taluqedar and Tarun Deep defeated Japan’s Archery team. India’s superiority is fully established in this event and is expected to win at least one gold medal in the discipline. India has had a glamorous past in wrestling too. The country’s famous wrestler, Gama, better known as Rusteme-e-Zama, is said to have participated in London’s unofficial world wrestling Championship in 1930 where he defeated the reigning world champion Czevasko of Russia.Maintaining the glorious tradition in wrestling, Sudhir Kumar, the present Gama of India, defeated another Russian wrestler in Russia very recently. Besides Sudhir Kumar, there are other wrestlers like Yogeshwer Dutt, Anil Kumar and others who can bring laurels to the country in different weight categories. Chances are galore for India to win several medals in this sport. In boxing event also, India has a good opportunity to win more than one gold medal, besides several silver and bronze medals.India’s star Boxers are Vijendra Singh, Akhil Kumar, Nanao, Chhote Lal Yadav and Surronjay Singh, who would be definite winners of medals in this sport. Last, but not the least, one must not forget Mary Kom, the mercurial boxer who has won world title for the fifth time. After boxing, shooting is another discipline of sports in which Abhinay Bindra of India has excelled by winning gold medal in 2008 Beijing Olympics. Besides Abhinay Bindra, there are Manav Jeet Sidhhu, Gagan Narang and Tejasvi Sawant who are expected to perform well and add to the tally of medals.In badminton event the famous Saina Nehwal would be leading the campaign from the front along with Chetan Anand and mixed double pair of Jwala Gutta and Diju to win a gold, silver and bronze medals at Delhi Commonwealth Games. In lawn tennis, India has good chance of winning several medals. There is a renowned doubles pair of Leander Paise and Mahesh Bhupati who are expected to be winners in their event. Sania Mirza is also peaking at the right time to find herself at the podium of victory.Weight lifting is a tough discipline of sports in which India has excelled in the    past. Frontal campaign would be led by VS Rao, Monika Devi, Ravi Kumar and Sonu Chunnu who are expected to win many medals in this sports event. After the disastrous display of hockey at the last World Cup Championship at Delhi, India’s Hockey team, led by a Enterprising captain namely Raj Pal Singh, is said to have been rejuvenated if the recent international exposure is any indication.India has a good opportunity to salvage its lost prestige at Delhi. On record India’s hockey team appears to be the third best team in present competition , but there are two strong opponents against India- one is Australian hockey team-the current World Champion and other is England’s Hockey team –   the European Champion. If India can defeat these teams, it is likely to win a gold medal. Last, but not the least, is the athletics event.Athletics is said to be the mother of all games in sports, but strangely enough, the present youth of the country is not attracted towards athletics and therefore it is the most neglected discipline in the country. Still there is a hope to win some medals also in this discipline. All in all, Indian sportspersons must take full advantage of the home grounds. I am sure the Indian sports lovers will try their level best to inspire the sportspersons to highest pitch so that they can garner more than 120 medals, surpassing the previous Indian achievement at Commonwealth Games.It is really disheartening to note that star athletes of the world like Usain Bolt, Olympic and World Champion in 100 and 200 mtrs dash, Asafa Powell, former World Champion of 100mtr sprint and Shelley Ann-Fraser- the women 100 mtr Olympic Champion (All Jamicans) have decided to skip the present Commonwealth Games. Their absence would definitely dampen the spirit of sports lovers of the country. India’s organizational skill is at stake. If we prove our mettle by organising the event successfully and flawlessly the current Common Wealth Games at Delhi, India can legitimately and honourably claim to host the future Olympics at Delhi.

Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne

The poem â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† by John Donne is a prayer to God from the poet. Donne is a struggling sinner, and the poem is his desperate cry for help. He wants God to be in his life, no matter how difficult and painful it is, and desires to be everything God wants him to be. The poem gives a sense of Donne’s complex relationship with God. It is apparent that he is in the midst of a struggle with good and evil, and begins with a plea to God to enter his heart by any means necessary and rid him of the evil that has taken over. Donne uses graphic and violent imagery throughout the poem as a way of showing his utter desperation. This imagery is used in an exaggerated way to convey Donne’s strong desire for God, as well as implying that there is something else that is hindering his ability to allow God in himself. In using the metaphor â€Å"batter my heart† in the first line, Donne is implying that he wants God to use his power like a battering ram to enter his heart. This gives a strong indication that there is some unknown force – be it sin, evil, or the devil – preventing Donne himself from allowing God to enter. He refers to God as the â€Å"three-personed God,† alluding to the Bible’s teaching of God as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Donne’s complaint is that God is not being aggressive enough in how he is dealing with him; the Father knocks, the Holy Spirit breathes, and the Son shines his light upon him, but Donne wants him to use his power more aggressively to â€Å"mend† him, help him become â€Å"new,† and force the evils out of him. The progression to violent imagery shows Donne’s desperation; he no longer wants God â€Å"knock,† but is asking him to â€Å"break† the door down, not simply â€Å"breathe† but to â€Å"blow,† and not â€Å"shine,† but to â€Å"burn. The use of alliteration with the words â€Å"break,† â€Å"breathe† and â€Å"blow† help in drawing attention to their severity, and emphasizing the extent of Donne’s desperation. He believes that in using these destructive actions, God will free him from his weaknesses and make him new again. In the second quatrain, it becomes clear that the first four lines are meant to be taken metaphorically, rather than literally. Donne likens his heart to a city that has been overtaken, and he wants God to be aggressive in taking it back. This expands upon the indication of the unknown force; Donne’s heart is the city that has been taken captive, and God is the savior that he wants to break down the gate and take it back by force. It becomes obvious in this quatrain that the previously unknown force holding Donne back is his sense reason and rationality. He shows that even his mind has failed him in his attempts to be close with God. Donne’s reason is what should be fighting for him in his battle and defending him, but instead is captured, shows weakness, and even lies to him. He suggests that although he believes God is the rightful ruler of his heart, his rationality has been impaired such that he cannot defend Him and let Him in. The sestet begins with further reinforcement of the notion that Donne wants God back in his life, no matter how difficult it may be. He begins by stating that even though his spiritual life is currently in a state of struggle, he still has a deep affection of God and wants to love and be loved by Him. His state of desperation is the result of this struggle. Donne quickly returns to the shocking imagery that has been prevalent throughout, claiming he is â€Å"betrothed† to the enemy. This claim of engagement to the devil is a paradox; he is not actually going to marry the devil, but at the time feels unwillingly more connected to God’s enemies and their ways than to God and God’s ways. He asks God to â€Å"divorce† him, to â€Å"untie or break† the engagement he has with the devil. At the end of the prayer, Donne uses two more paradoxes to explain how deep of a connection he wants to feel with God. He begs for God to imprison him to set him free and his feels as though God’s prison is the only way in which he can be truly free of his weaknesses, and pure of evils. He also begs to be ravished and filled with delight so that he may become pure, which carries some sexual imagery. As with the metaphor in the first quatrain, this is not a literal request; he simply wants to be convinced of the power of God, so that he can have a close and loving relationship with Him. These contradictions show a deeply emotional affection towards God, and when taken figuratively are very effective in conveying his message of desperation. Although â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† is filled with graphic and violent imagery, John Donne is not attempting to be crude or inappropriate. Donne is simply explaining his own tremulous relation with God, and uses the violent imagery as a means to show how desperate he has become in his mission to bring God back into his life. If he allows God to do whatever it takes, even if it means pain and the loss of his very freedom, he knows God can bring him into a close, loving relationship with Him and make him into the person he thinks God wants him to be. So he can pray, â€Å"Batter my heart,† â€Å"break, blow, burn,† â€Å"imprison me,† â€Å"enthrall† and â€Å"ravish† me, for he believes his God is a loving, pure, kind, and just â€Å"three-person’d God† and he trusts Him with his very heart, soul, and life.

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I became less formal with the client and volunteer meeting in order to project at their level of understanding. Less detail was presented and less decision making was required. The meeting was more informative and decisions had been made by the staff team prior to the meeting. Feedback and participation was welcomed however it was in a manner in which it could be controlled so as a staff team we could make informed decisions.

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Virulence and Pathogenesis Issues

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Virulence and Pathogenesis Issues Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, motile, aerobic rod shaped bacterium which can occur as singles, in pairs and occasionally in short chains. P.aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism which can proliferate under the sparest conditions such as sinks, toilets, cosmetics, vaporisers, inhalers, respirators, and anaesthesiology and dialysis equipment. Infected patients and staff are also potential primary sources of infection (2). P.aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen of the immunocompromised causing a wide range of nosocomial infections. These include infections of burn, post operative wounds, urinary tract (especially in patients with catheters), ears and eyes. Infection frequently leads to sepsis and deaths can occur (3). This organism is associated with the greatest morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (4) and is prevalent among patients with burn wounds and intravenous drug users (5, 6). P.aeruginosa is able to persist and multiply in moist environments and on mos t pieces of equipment in hospital wards. This is of importance in cross infection control (4). P.aeruginosa is the most important, resistant and dangerous organism infecting burn patients (7). It is the fifth common pathogen among hospital microorganisms and causes 10% of all hospital acquired infections (8). The rate of commensalisation increases as the duration of hospital stay increases (9). Epidermiologically, P.aeruginosa is ranked as the fourth cause of nosocomial infections in the United States (10). A study on various clinical isolates was conducted in Afghanistan at the Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Hayatabal Medical Complex to ascertain the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P.aeruginosa infections. Among the positive isolates, 6.67% were P.aeruginosa with the highest rate of infection observed in orthopaedic ward (24.61%) and 0PD (20%). The highest percentage of P.aeruginosa isolates were observed in pus (57.64%) (11). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to many antimicrobial agents and has therefore become dominant and important when the more susceptible bacteria of the normal flora are suppressed (1). With the widespread use of quinolones both in the hospital and in the common setting, drug resistant P.aeruginosa isolates have emerged and continue to escalate rapidly (12). The antimicrobial agents are losing their efficacy due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics, lack of awareness, patient non compliance and unhygienic conditions (11). Like most gram negative bacilli, P.aeruginosa has been reported to have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics and disinfectants. It was originally sensitive to Carbernicillin, piperacillin, Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and other drugs. However it is now resistant to these antibiotics (13, 14). The virulence factors associated with P.aeruginosa infections include cytotoxin production, the organisms ability to form a biofilm, produce gelatinase, elastase an d alkaline protease. These cause the destruction of connective tissue and degradation of host immunological factors (15, 16). The primary aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of P.aeruginosa in wound infections and its sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics in inpatients at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common Gram-negative microorganisms identified in the clinical specimens of hospital admitted patients. It is a rod that measures about 0.6 2Â µm and is motile by means of a single polar flagellum (1, 18). P. aeruginosa is noted for its metabolic versatility and its exceptional ability to colonize a wide variety of environments and also for its intrinsic resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents. It is an obligate aerobe that grows well at temperatures between 37-42Â °C. Due to its ubiquitous nature, P. aeruginosa grows readily on any type of media (1). On Blood agar they are often ÃŽ ²-haemolytic while on MacConkey agar they produce pale colonies because they do not ferment lactose. P.aeruginosa is oxidase positive (17). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well known for its production of two soluble pigments, pyocyanin which is a non-fluorescent bluish pigment and the fluorescent pigment pyoverdin, which gives a greenish colour to the media. P. aeruginosa also produces a sweet grape-like odour due to the production of 2-aminoacetophenone (1, 17). PATHOGENESIS P. aeruginosa is pathogenic when introduced to areas lacking normal host defences for example when there is tissue damage and during cancer therapy where there is neutropaenia (1). P.aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen of the immunocompromised causing a wide range of nosocomial infections. These include infections of burn, post operative wounds, urinary tract (especially in patients with catheters), ears and eyes (in users of extended-wear soft contact lenses). Infection frequently leads to sepsis and deaths can occur (3). This organism is associated with the greatest morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (4) and is prevalent among patients with burn wounds and intravenous drug users (5, 6). It produces cytotoxins, proteases and haemolysins. Isolates from patients with Cystic fibrosis produce a polysaccharide, alginate. The alginate, pili and outer membrane mediate adhesion to host epithelia (19). VIRULENCE FACTORS The ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cause a wide range of infections is due to its ability to produce a number of cell-associated (adhesions, alginate, pili, flagella and lipopolysaccharide) and extracellular (elastase, exoenzyme S, exotoxin A, haemolysins, iron binding proteins, leukocidins and proteases) virulence factors. These mediate a number of processes including adhesion, nutrient acquisition, immune system evasion, leukocyte killing, tissue adhesion and blood stream invasion (20, 21). CELL-ASSOCIATED VIRULENCE FACTORS P.aeruginosa requires a breach in first-line defences to initiate infection. This can result from alteration of the immunologic defence mechanisms for example in chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and AIDS, disruption of the protective balance of mucosal normal flora by broad-spectrum antibiotics, or breach of normal mucosal barriers for example trauma and burns (21, 23). Adherence of P. aeruginosa to host epithelium is mediated by type 4 pili, that extend from the cell surface (1, 22). Flagella, primarily responsible for motility may also act as adhesins to epithelial cells (23). Lipopolysaccharides are responsible for endotoxic properties of the organism while the exopolysacharride is responsible for the mucoid colonies from patients with Cystic fibrosis (1). EXTRACELLULAR VIRULENCE FACTORS These are extracellular products produced by P. aeruginosa that can cause extensive tissue damage. They include exotoxin A, exoenzyme S, elastase, alkaline protease but the contribution of a given factor varies with the type of infection (24). Exotoxin A catalyses ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of elongation factor 2, leading to inhibition of protein biosynthesis and cell death (25). It is also responsible for local tissue necrosis (1). Exoenzyme S is also an ADP-riboslytransferase that ribosylates GTP binding proteins resulting in direct tissue damage (26). Phospholipase C and rhamnolipid are haemolysin produced by P. aeruginosa. They breakdown lipids and lecithin and both have cytotoxic effects (27). Pseudomonas aeruginosa also produces toxins which include Las B elastase, Las A elastase and alkaline protease (28). Las A elastase and Las B elastase have elastolytic activity. Elastin is a major component of lung tissue and blood vessels. Las B elastase is a zinc metalloprotease while Las A is a protease. Alkaline protease lyses fibrin (29). BIOFILMS Pseudomonas aeruginosa is also able to form biofilms. Biofilms are complex communities of surface-attached aggregates of microorganisms embedded in a self-secreted extracellular polysaccharide matrix or slime (alginate) (30, 31). These act as efficient barriers against antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, ÃŽ ² lactamases, fluoroqunilones and disinfectants) and the host immune system resulting in persistent colonisation and loss of action at the site of infection (32, 33). CELL TO CELL SIGNALLING Cell to cell signalling systems control extracellular virulence factors required for tissue invasion by P. aeruginosa. THE LAS CELL TO CELL SIGNALLING SYSTEM The Las cell to cell signalling system regulates the expression of Las B elastase (34). It regulates Las B expression and is required for optimal production of other extracellular virulence factors such as Las A elastase and exotoxin A (35). THE RHL CELL TO CELL SIGNALLING SYSTEM The rhl cell to cell signalling system controls the production of rhamnolipid. The system regulates the expression of the rhl AB operon that encodes a rhamnosyltransferase required for rhamnolipid production. It is also important for Las B elastase, protease, pyocyanin and alkaline transferase production (36). ANTIMICROBIAL REACTIVITY OF P. AERUGINOSA Like most gram negative bacilli, P.aeruginosa has been reported to have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics and disinfectants. It was originally sensitive to Carbernicillin, piperacillin, Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and other drugs. Degrees of cross-resistance between these agents have been reported however (13, 14). Treatment of infections by P. aeruginosa is often difficult because of its virulence and limited choice of antimicrobial agents. P. aeruginosa has the capacity to carry multiresistance plasmids, and this feature has led to the appearance of some strains that are resistant to all reliable antibiotics (37). In a study carried out at the Post Graduate Medical Institute Hayatabad Medical complex in Afghanistan on the prevalence and resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa against various antibiotics, the highest resistance was observed against ampicillin, ampicillin/ sulbactam, co-amoxiclave and ofloxacin and least resistance was observed against amikacin. Similarly t he MIC for ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam and co-amoxiclave against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also high (11). A similar study carried out at Dhaka Medical College Hospital in 2006 showed that almost all of the P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to cefixime and co-trimoxazole, majority were resistant to ceftazidime, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. The result of the study showed that imipenem is the most effective drug against P. aeruginosa, followed by amikacin and ciprofloxacin (39). MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COMMONLY USED ANTIBIOTICS The commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections are Aminoglycosides (for example Gentamicin and amikacin), Penicillins (such as cabernicillin), Quinolones (for example Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin), Cephalosporins (ceftazidime) and Carbapenemes (meropenem and imipenem) (37). Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Carbapenemes inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They are ÃŽ ²-lactam agents. Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines are inhibitors of protein synthesis. Quinolones are inhibitors of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis (17). RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS The antimicrobial resistance conferred by P. aeruginosa is due to mutations in the organisms genetic material. No single mutation is responsible for multidrug resistance. Mutations to topoisomerase 2 and 4 confer fluoroquinolone resistance. Derepression of the chromosomal AmpC ÃŽ ²-lactamase reduces susceptibility to penicillins and cephalosporins. Up-regulation of MexAB-OprM compromises the fluoroquinolones, penicillins, cephalosporins and it also enhances resistance to many other drugs that lack useful anti-pseudomonal actions (38). 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Considering the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to persist and multiply in moist places and in most pieces of equipment in hospital wards (4), antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern. This is attributed to the fact that the organism is able to withstand conditions such as high temperature and high concentrations of salts and antiseptic (10). It is therefore imperative to constantly evaluate the pathogenesis and sensitivity patterns of P.aeruginosa so as to prevent further spread and recurrence of infection in the hospital set up. 1.3 HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis (H0) The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in wound and pus swab specimens at Parirenyatwa hospital is 6.7%. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in wound and pus swab specimens at Parirenyatwa hospital is greater than 6.7%. 1.4 OBJECTIVES The aims of this study are: To determine the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in wound and pus swab specimens of patients admitted at Parirenyatwa hospital. To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.

The Heart, Hands and the Mind in Midwifery

The Heart, Hands and the Mind in Midwifery The Art of Midwifery Midwifery places the woman and the midwife at the centre of midwifery care. It is said that midwifery is an art that uses the heart, the hands and the mind. In relation to working with woman in childbearing this essay will discuss this statement. The essay will look at these three essential elements of midwifery, the heart, the hands and the mind, showing detail of how each are related and the importance of each element when working with women in childbearing. The heart looks at the key values of compassion, respect for the women, the baby and oneself, and the importance of women centred care. The hands focus on the skills, techniques and therapeutic touch of the midwife and the mind highlights reflective and ethical practice, and the knowledge required to practice safely and competently. The Heart At the heart of midwifery practice is the relationship between the midwife and the woman. This involves a relationship of trust. The women, relies on the midwife to give her confidence. The midwife is trusted by the woman to know what is best for herself and her body. The midwife benefits the childbearing woman with clinical knowledge, skills and recommendations, forming a relationship of mutual trust and respect (Alef Thorstenson, 2004). The mother and the baby are the central focus for the midwife. Pelvin (2006) describes the midwifes role as one of privilege. The intimate relationship between the midwife and the women exists, through a personal and momentous event in the life of a woman. The physiological procedure of birth and the post natal relationship between mother and baby is facilitated by the midwife however the midwifes influence does not end there, the role attempts to assist the women to have a deeper understanding of herself and of her family relationships. A fundamental value of midwives as stated in the (Australian Nursing and Midwifery council [ANMC] Code of ethics, 2005) is the value of kindness and compassion to others and self, by respecting the fundamental rights and choices of the mother and ensuring that practice is ethically and culturally appropriate. Acts of kindness such as being gentle, considerate and caring should be a constant approach to midwifery care. The art of midwifery involves achieving a balance between being competent and professional whilst showing heart by still demonstrating emotion. Hunter (as quoted in Jacob and Lavender, 2008, p. 78), says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦expressing emotion and sharing feelings with others is immensely valuable, both for enhancing relationships and also for developing a type of practice that is open-hearted and genuine. This relationship is extremely valuable with pregnancy outcomes which may involve unexpected miscarriage, where supporting women and their families can be difficult. The Hands The hands in the art of midwifery looks at the benefit of therapeutic touch. Therapeutic touch can reassure the woman of her safety with the knowledge that her midwife is confident in her actions and sensitive to her needs. When situations do not allow words, the hands can convey reassurance and express confidence, compassion and care (Ernst, 2009). Touch can be used in many forms including close contact for physical support, helping the women to maintain her posture or just being there as a shoulder to lean on. Touch can provoke different responses by different women. While massage can be good for relieving pain for some, others find a simple light touch to the forehead is all thats needed to reassure a woman she is not alone and that the midwife is there for her (Page McCandish, 2007). Another important hands on skill for the Midwife is the ability to use palpitation and touch examination of the mothers abdomen to assess and determine the babys growth, position, size and wellbeing (Grigg, C. 2006). Other skills utilizing the hands can include, teaching breastfeeding, blood pressure measurement, supporting the women through labour and birth, baby assessments and supporting the newborn infant and the use of interventions such as epidurals. The (Australian Nursing and Midwifery council [ANMC], Code of Professional Conduct for Midwives in Australia, 2006) describes many other midwifery skills not only relating to the care of the woman but also her family and the community. It is the duty of the midwife to provide antenatal and parenthood education. The midwife is committed to working with the women, providing support and advice during her pregnancy/birth and through the postpartum period. The midwives responsibilities also extend to preventative care, detections of complications, promotion of normal birth and accessing the need for medical intervention and the carrying out of emergency procedures should an emergency occur. Creating a positive atmosphere and environment for the birth is an important factor for many women. Most women have their babies in the unfamiliar and unwelcoming environment of the hospital, a positive attitude assists in reducing anxiety and stress, allays fears and allows the woman to feel secure in her surroundings. Page McCandish (2007) suggest that simply by making more space and moving furniture in the room offers the woman more area to move and by providing different props such as benches, pillows, and cushions give the women more choices so as for example she can lean or rock when experiencing the intense pain of contractions. The skills of the midwife are many and varied and the hands are vital in conveying messages to the woman. The Mind As the Australian College of Midwives, ACM Philosophy for Midwifery (2004) states midwifery is informed by scientific evidence, by intuition and by experiences. This involves the midwife using knowledge gained from research evidence, individual values and preferences, seeking out evidence to support decisions and discussions with the woman to decide on her individual birthing plan. Page McCandish, (2007) describe evidence based clinical practice as the judicious use of the best evidence available, so that the clinician and the patient arrive at the best decision, taking into account the needs and values of the individual patient.(p.205) Birth is a normal life event and not a disease process thus making health promotion the basis for midwifery care. Health promotion and education involves more than the provision of information to woman in antenatal classes lead by a midwife, where the midwife discusses topics the professional deems relevant. Education needs to move to a more client-led agenda (Beldon Crozier, 2005). When working with women it is important to always focus on women centred language and effective communication. Thinking and imagining how the woman is feeling assists in providing comfort and reassurance to the woman. Giving women information about the progress of the labour in positive terms that the woman will understand is most valuable. Knowing when to be quiet is also important. The midwife has to be mindful of her own facial expressions as these can have a huge impact on the womans feelings, a smile conveys reassurance that everything is ok and going well (Page McCandish, 2007). The midwifes mind needs to be aware of the changes occurring in maternity care and know that the traditional medical model that once served the doctors and the hospital, is antiquated. As we move towards emerging midwifery models of care which favour continuity of mother and baby care by the same midwife throughout the womens pregnancy, birth and beyond (Barlow, 2008). A midwifes autonomy is increasing in maternity care. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, Code of Ethics for Midwives in Australia (2005) also states midwifery care includes the promotion of normal birth, prevention and detection of complications in the mother and baby, medical care access and the carrying out of emergency measures as important responsibilities of the midwife. Conclusion The heart, hands and the mind all play important roles in the midwifery model of care. Each area can be difficult to explain as separate components of midwifery as the three areas are intertwined and each just as valuable as the other in providing women with women centred care throughout the life changing experience of childbirth. It is evident from research into the art and science of midwifery that midwives are essential in providing care to the childbearing women that supports and guides women through healthy pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period. Midwifery care involves the promotion of normal birth, prevention and detection of complications in the mother and baby, medical care access and the carrying out of emergency measures. Our role is to work in partnerships with women and their families by helping them to explore their options and make informed decisions. WORD COUNT: 1440 words with in-text referencing.

History of the Theater Industry :: essays research papers

The theater industry has been around since the beginning of time, when "one or more human beings, isolated in time and/or space, presented themselves to another or others." And when people started to realize that they could make a profit from doing this, they decided that, that was the best thing to do. The earliest recorded plays that still survive to this day are those of Ancient Greece. Between c. 550 and c. 220 BC, in Athens, the theater industry began to grow into an entertainment business that people would pay to see its happenings. It was more than just amusement for friends and family. It had become and art, and sometimes a competition to win a wreath and respect. Amphitheaters were being made just for performance venues, and they were usually always full for every show. Because of the shape of the amphitheaters the acoustics were far better and even people in the 100th row could hear what was happening on the stage. People loved the idea of being able to watch actors act out a story right in front of them. The Greek way of theater influenced the Romans, and of course like they had been doing all through history, they stole the idea of theater and made it their own. They made it less religious and because the audiences were usually rude and loud during performances, they made up a code by wearing certain outfits to show who they were in the story. When the fall of the Roman Empire happened, the idea of true theater sort of got lost among the rubble. Most plays didn?t survive, and smaller professions such jesters and mimes, began to take the scene, by providing entertainment solely to royalty. Then religious plays began to come back. This was the beginning of the era of Medieval European Theater. Only men were allowed to act on stage. Even girl parts were played by men. Some boys were castrated to prevent their voices from becoming lower just to make sure that they could play a female role. It seemed like it would?ve been easier to just have woman in shows, but women still didn?t have a lot of rights, and many people thought that it was unladylike to act and have a woman in a man?s occupation. Finally, in the late 1500?s, a man named Shakespeare came into popularity with his famous plays, the very plays that are still being performed to this very day.

Shakespeares Macbeth - Why does Macbeth Murder Duncan? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Why does Macbeth Murder Duncan? In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, the lead character of the same name is not sufficiently happy with the high social position he occupies and the honored status he has acquired. Viewing the play simplistically, one may conclude that Duncan is murdered due to the ambition of Macbeth. Ambition is a sin, of course, and therefore Macbeth is punished for his sins. If one does not care to probe more deeply, this evaluation of the play is almost entirely satisfactory, because it is very simple and neat. Yet, this approach converts the work from an extraordinarily complex study of evil into a straightforward morality play and closes off discussion of the most interesting aspects of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now, there is some evidence for the charge of ambition. Macbeth does want to become king, and he refers to that desire as ambition ("I have no spur/ To prick the sides of my intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition which o'erleaps itself/ And falls on th'other" (1.7.25-28). But we need to be careful here not automatically to take a character's own estimate of his motivation for the truth, or at least for a completely adequate summary statement of all that needs to be said. We need to "unpack" just what that concept of ambition contains in the character to whom we apply it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For a fascinating aspect of Macbeth's motivation is that he is in the grip of something which he does not fully understand and which a part of him certainly does not approve of. This makes him very unlike Richard Gloucester, who announces his plans with glee and shows no scruples about what he has to do (quite the reverse: he looks forward to doing away with his next victim and invites us to share his delight). Clearly a part of Macbeth is fascinated with the possibility of being king. It's not entirely clear where this desire comes from. The witches (whom we will discuss later) put the suggestion into the play, but there is a strong hint from Lady Macbeth that she and her husband have already talked about the matter well before the play begins ("What beast was't then/ That made you break this enterprise to me?" (1.7.48-49). In that case, the appearance of the witches may be, in part, a response to some desire in Macbeth.

Modern Language Association Essay

The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is the most used format in doing papers especially with Liberal Arts and Humanities subjects (Purdue Owl). This format is based primarily on the author’s name and page number format. But before we start discussing how to cite sources, we must first learn how to properly format the paper using MLA. According to the OWL at Purdue website, the paper size should be a standard 8. 5 x 11 inches with 1-inch margin on all sides. The paper should be double-spaced using a formal font style such as Times New Roman in 12 pts. On all pages of the paper, a header that includes the last name of the owner of the paper and page numbers should be placed. The first lines of the paper should be indented to the left and one line apart: First and Last Name of the owner of the paper, name of professor, Subject/Course, and the date. Once these things are set up, the paper could now be officially started; the title of the paper should be at the center one line following the date (Purdue Owl). There are two basic ways of doing an in-text citation using MLA format. The first is using signal phrases — naming the author first in the sentence and then placing in parentheses the page number where the citation came from after the cited words. The second is including the last name of the author in the parenthetical citation, written before the page number and without any marks between them. If a particular source has no author mentioned, there are also two ways on how to properly cite the material. First is to use the title of the work as a signal phrase or place a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citation. In case of sources where an organization can be used as the source, use the name of the organization as if it was the author. If page numbers are missing, like in web sites, just include the name of the author, again, either as a signal phrase or a parenthetical citation (â€Å"MLA in-text citations† 2).

Nutrient Density

Nutrition Density Essay After having calculated the nutrient density of seven food groups in a spreadsheet, the food group that came to have the highest Nutrient Density was the vegetable group obtaining an average of 7. 76712 Nutrient Density. The food group that came to have the lowest Nutrient Density was the â€Å"junk food† group, having an average of 0. 24845 Nutrient Density. One of the factors that contribute to foods having a high or low Nutrient Density is the amount of calories.I noticed that the foods with fewer calories had a higher Nutrient Density, and vice versa, the foods with more calories had a lower Nutrient Density. Another factor that contributes to the high and low Nutrient Density is that the foods with high Nutrients Density have a higher percentage of vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber. Foods with low Nutrient Density have an insignificant amount of vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber. When analyzing the Nutrient Density results of the seven fo od groups, I was not surprised of the results.Before having calculated the average Nutrient Density of the seven food groups I had predicted that the vegetable group was going to have the highest Nutrient Density, and that the ‘junk food† group was going to have the lowest Nutrient Density. According to the results, the food groups that tend to be the most expensive are the vegetable and fruit group. The food groups that tend to be the least expensive are the grains and the â€Å"junk food† group.One of the factors that contribute to foods having low cost per 100 Calories is because foods such as grains and â€Å"junk food† are associated with higher energy density. By contrast, vegetables and fruit are associated with lower energy density and tend to more expensive. There is an association between cost per 100 Calories and Nutrient Density, foods with higher Nutrient Density and fewer Calories tend to be more expensive and foods with a lower Nutrient Densi ty and more Calories tend to be less expensive.The message I got from doing this assignment is that the healthier foods such as vegetables and fruits, which contain a high Nutrient Density are far more expensive than unhealthy food (junk food) such as sodas, candies chips which only provide an insignificant amount of nutrients. Eating healthy can be costly, but it’s better for our own health. In contrast, unhealthy food like junk food is cheaper, but it will not provide you with much nutrients rather it may cause problems to your health if we consume too much of it.

Causes and Solutions for Crime Essay

Crime is a serious issue of many countries in the contemporary society; in particular, the crime rate gradually increases annually in some sectors worldwide. There are two main causes and one solution of crime that will be illustrated in this article. The first cause is poverty, which is seemed to be the principal cause of crime. People cannot survive without food; however, In some areas, the poor do not have sufficient money to buy food or other necessities. The only way to maintain their lives is to steal or rob, which leads to crimes. The second reason is the violence from media. There are many films and teleplays including violence, which provides individuals negative influences. Some people want to emulate the hero in films; therefore, they performance as the actors who destroy attributes in films, but these behaviors in reality is illegal. Especially, teenagers are easily to be affected and tend to imitate, so the crime rate of the young has raised annually. The authorities need to adopt necessary measures to resolve this problem. For poverty, it has to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich, that is, the government should tax more from the rich and relieve the poor. For TV violence, television and film rating system need to be strictly implemented. Moreover, parents should supervise their children and restrict the time of watching TV. To conclude, poverty and TV violence are main reasons of crime. The authorities need to have efficient solutions such as tax balance policy and film rating system to decrease the rate of crime and defend their populace. Read more: Crime Rate in India

Implementing Strategies: Managing Technology Essay

Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is a new discipline that is guiding organizations in setting goals and objectives, incorporating strategies and products, and making sure that business services are being delivered. PPM allows company’s to select, prioritize, optimize, and control all the projects in the organization based on many different parameters. PPM has been used in many IT project settings, but has recently been used by organizations to manage any portfolio of projects. In order to for PPM to be an effective tool, organizations need to define what issues need to be considered when selecting projects to implement strategy and what parameters need to be used to control the actual projects. The main issue that an organization needs to consider when selecting projects is alignment with long-term company goals. Often, projects are prioritized by internal political motivation which can quickly misalign what needs to be done compared to the company long-term goals. It is not to say that that the needs of certain business units should be ignored, but PPM allows a company to â€Å". . . prioritize its resources for the good of the business . . . (Paul, 2006). † Other issues that need to be considered in selecting projects are categorizing projects into those that run the business, those that grow the business, and those that may transform the business (Paul, 2006). Categorizing projects lets senior management change the project mix if revenue growth is a top priority or if a change in the business model is imminent. Having project flexibility is essential when implementing strategy within an organization. Senior managers can also use the categorizing of projects to determine the incoming demands from the business units and determine the capacity of the organization to deliver real value back to the business units or customers. PPM is also concerned with not just the actual project completion, but monitoring the project once it is complete for long-term effectiveness and success. The follow-up provided by PPM will help senior management and future project leaders determine best practices and focuses for the future and long-term strategies. PPM is able to define project parameters to control projects by long-term monitoring of completed projects. Parameters that need to be defined within each project are cost, resource availability, resource allocation and workload, time to market, cost reduction value, revenue generation, scope, and time-line to complete. The parameters need to be tracked in real-time for effective project management and portfolio management. PPM is able to â€Å". . . provide continuous checks and evaluations of a project throughout its lifecycle. . . (Gharehmani, 2006). † This allows PPM to assess projects or products based on real-time information and not outdated spreadsheets. The individual parameters can also be selected based on the particular need of the company with a certain project. For example, if a company is looking for a certain time to market versus the time-line to complete, PPM can use real-time information from previous projects to easily and accurately predict if the product will be released in the time frame desired. Categorizing projects can also be used as an effective means of controlling projects. For example, senior management may request that only projects that align with growing the business and revenue generation are to be worked on for a particular period of time depending on the business need in the specified time. PPM is a growing science that is being increasingly used to manage any portfolio of projects. In order for PPM to be effective, organizations need to define what issues need to be controlled to implement a particular strategy. Organizations also need to define the parameters that are to be used to control the projects. Without defining the issues and parameters related to project or portfolio management, the company will not be effective in managing what projects will ultimately lead to long-term success for the entire organization.

Microeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Microeconomics - Assignment Example A good graphical representation of functional utility is shown below. Marginal rate of substitution represents the rate at which customers are ready to give up one commodity in order to exchange while ensuring a same level of utility. MRS varies with points along the indifference hence it is vital to keep locally in the definition. In addition, MRS of a commodity X is equivalent to the marginal utility of X over the marginal utility of Y. a. An increase in the price of a normal good: This had direct effect of changes in income on consumption choice. In this case, consumers buy more goods when their income rises as the prices remain fixed in the market. In this case, a change in the income of the buyer causes the demand curve to shift. This is evident through a negatively sloped demand curve to counter the space in the exhibit. Therefore, the increase in demand causes an increase in demand and a shift to the right of the demand curve for living space. b. A decrease in the price of an inferior good: In the market, a decrease in the prices of such goods leads to increase in the equilibrium quantity demanded. Therefore, the substitution effect would force the consumer to buy more of the good. c. An increase in the price of a Giffen good: In economics, an increase in the prices of Giffen good increases the quantity of the good that is demanded in the market. This results to an upward sloping demand curve due to interactions of the income and substitution effects. The income effect can be positive or negative when the price of these goods

American Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

American Heritage - Essay Example There is need to have zoning regulations based on major morals population. Seldom, ethnics use zoning provision to blockade bars, pornography, strip clubs, distilleries, and dislikes of other things for moral grounds. The laws of United States basis on morals should not be persuasive. The sentiments contravening laws based on uprightness are misleading because moral judgments stand for legitimate laws (Viroli 31). Recognizing that regulations in general are based on moral judgments has vital consequences. Hence, the meaning those objections to a law for reason of being inclined on morality do not make any sense on the mind of non-anarchist. The same have different meaning on experts in public policy, law, and economics that they are not necessarily experts based on legitimacy of regulations; professionals on the legitimacy of regulations are those with an evident, deep comprehension of moral fact (Viroli 40). Perhaps most momentous, recognizing that regulations are finally inclined to moral judgments put upright and immoral people on an equal ground when explaining politics. Patriotism is the love of someone’s birthplace, country and childhood’s place of recollections and dreams, aspirations and, hopes, it is a place where, a childlike timidity, we would view the fleeting. Indeed, egotism, arrogance, and conceit are the fundamentals of patriotism. Patriotism assumes that our planet is divided into small spots, each one enclosed with Iron Gate. Those fortune ate to be born certain spot, consider themselves grander, nobler, better, more intelligent than others inhabiting the other spot. Therefore, it is the responsibility of everyone residing on that chosen part to kill, die, and fight in trying to impose his sovereignty upon others (Viroli 39). Patriotism is though a costly institution considering the statistics, no one ever doubts it. The progressive enhanced

Bioterrorism and Anthrax, October 2001 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bioterrorism and Anthrax, October 2001 - Essay Example In accordance with Gaudioso (2011): â€Å"Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes† are considered biological weapons. Hostile goals of the inventors and researchers in this field are evident and armed conflict among different countries can burst out. Bioweapons are coming†¦ During several previous years the world was frightened by H1N1 flu. Media sources were acclaiming for staying at home, wearing special flu masks. Internet is full of pictures, when people go to work, walk or even marry in these masks†¦It is the example of a global paranoia, but, as a matter of fat, no one could find a holistic approach and a global remedy for curing this virus. Of course, many viruses and bacteria expansion are of natural origin, but it is a well-known fact that they occur in the result of ecologically unfriendly envir onment, overconsumption of people, unconsidered usage of natural resources etc. In one way or another, but a modern individual is captured in the web of unseen bacteria and viruses of unknown origin. There is a rich history of biological weapons implementation, actually. Terrorist are more inclined to creation of biological weapons than to a creation of military ones. ... They stake on viruses and bacteria, which will lead to health inures or even lethal outcome. In case bioterrorist attacks are well-considered and invented by the scientists and researchers of one country to gain victory over another country, then it is important to know different types of potential biological weapons, viruses and bacteria. Currently governments of many countries are looking forward to a perspective of dealing with biologic terrorists. They are focused on searching for an early detection system for biological, chemical and radiation terrorist attacks. Modern society should give an answer to the questions: why? When? How? Bioterrorist attacks occur. The medical community is focused on looking for unseen diseases and possible methods of treatment. Bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and some bioagents are modernized to make them lethal. Modern public is called for being on alert. Thus, modern laboratories can be focused on creation of special fertile area for viruses and bacteria development and creation. At the international level Biological Weapons Convention claims: â€Å"development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons agents, toxins, equipment, and means of delivery by State Parties are prohibited† (Gaudiso, 2011). Domestic control over potential development of bio weapons, related material development and other measures are taken by the governments and people live under a sword of Damocles, with a feeling of a constant prosecution and hazard. Concerning a process of manufacturing, it can be mentioned that a process of fermentation is a method of providing nutrients to biological organisms, which will result in a rapid growth

Service marketing 7 P for JetBlue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service marketing 7 P for JetBlue - Essay Example However, the problems associated with service delivery and brand sentiment requires that JetBlue offer more discounted package and travel options as a means of reinforcing their price differentiation and satisfying their value proposition. Product is reflected by its provision of travel vacation packages on reputable sites such as Priceline and Travelocity, as well as JetBlue Getaways, a self-managed website offering custom-designed packages (JetBlue, 2010). As with the pricing consideration, JetBlue should expand these product offerings to illustrate the depth of its value proposition and value consciousness. Place is satisfied by having many fleets and routes established throughout the nation, thus adding convenience to the consumer experience. However, the majority of revenues come from New York and Florida, as Jet Blue has the most presence in these locations. The business should expand its market presence and capacity to improve place availability that can be used in promotions. Promotion is lacking at JetBlue. The company relies heavily on social media to create relationships with customers and promote its value (JetBlue, 2011). Social media is not effective in all markets, thus the business should invest additional capital in promotion to fully advertise its value proposition and gain more market attention. The expanded dimension of physical layout is somewhat restricted by its low cost model, as improving physical layout requires less overhead or more budgeting in this area. However, by offering customers more airport-based facilities and improvements on-board will improve its competitive position. In terms of people, the business requires more cultural development to ensure a culture of service excellence, something significantly damaged in reference to the Jet Blue brand. Finally, the business needs to change its

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Multi National Corporations Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Multi National Corporations - Essay Example World Business Council for Sustainable Development defines Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as "The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large." The European Commission advocates that CSR not only means fulfilling legal expectations, but also going beyond compliance and investing more into human capital, environment and relations with stakeholders." The need for Multi National Corporations to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility and implement it in spirit is immense in the current business scenario. The competition and corporate warfare in the business environment not only makes their focus very self-centered, but also robs them off all the attention they need to provide in the social context. It is this mad race, which needs to be controlled. It is because competition can catalyze the de-structuring of the social edifice based on values, morals and a sense of social responsibility. There have been grave losses to the environment, people and their lives as more and more MNCs are diversifying their areas and reach of operation. It is this concern that triggers a major thought process to streamline this chaos. Some method in this madness can only creep in if these big corporations begin to understand their role in a larger and more responsible perspective. The gamut of this perspective should not just limit to the stakeholders a lone, but involve the society as a whole. Survey of literature There have been many researches and studies on the concept of 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. There are many schools of thought on the subject. Some studies call CSR as an extension of the brand-building effort of the companies, while others attach a serious functional connotation to the concept. The Green Paper (2001) by the Commission of the European Communities identifies two main dimensions of CSR. One is the internal dimension that relates to the internal functions and processes of a company. The external dimension involves the external stakeholders. Several research-based studies have discussed the concept of 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. The different schools of thought explain it based on different experiences and consequences. One school of thought emphasizes on the model of collective action. According to Jarusri Jiravistakul of the Kenan Institute, who conducted studies on the collective action/institution model and its implementation in Thailand, Egypt and Indonesia the concept of CSR has succeeded in terms of business practices, environmental management and capacity development. This particular perspective talks about the operations of business enterprises as they affect a wide spectrum. The resources they make use of are not limited to those of the proprietors and the impact of their operations is felt by so many people who are in no way connected to them. They affect the shareholders, the suppliers of resources, the consumers, the local community and the society at large. George Goyder in The Future of Private Enterprise argues, "Industry in the twentieth century can no linger be

Living with in-laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Living with in-laws - Essay Example Land is very reasonable right now and we had found several potential locations from looking online in the county where my mother lives. It’s a peaceful place where simple people can get away from the pressure of living in the fast paced, automated work world. There were plenty of places nearby that weren’t polluted; we could still go fishing, camping, and enjoy nature. What a sweet deal! There was no reason to stay in North Carolina as being near my wife’s family had always proved to be more of a stressor than helpful. Her family has some serious issues with backwoods ignorance and just plain meanness that made wanting to leave look like the next best thing to oxygen. They argue and bicker continuously; that is when they are still speaking to each other. Besides, we had never lived near my mother; I missed the closeness we had shared in my youth. She has always been a good mom to me; supporting every effort I made to grow and develop myself along the journey. Now that she’s facing her senior years, and is alone, I felt it would be wonderful to be close by in case she needs some support. About two months after I left for Missouri, my wife called one day, crying, and told me that her mother was ill. Apparently she had developed heart problems; I’m sure it had nothing to do with all the pork and lard biscuits she eats, and cigarettes she smokes. Make no mistake about it, mountain women are just plain work. I missed my wife; there was no way I wanted to stay in Missouri and let her stay in North Carolina for any extended length of time by herself, especially not at the mercy of her family. This was our dream and I just couldn’t get excited about it with her missing from the picture. As much as it killed me, I stopped everything and came back to North Carolina to support my wife in dealing with her family. My wife took her mother to the

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since Essay

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since 1865 - Essay Example Both negative and positive effects of Reconstruction legislation remain today. New Deal legislation was designed to pull the country out of its worst ever economic depression and ease human misery by creating employment opportunities and welfare programs. Many New Deal programs remain today. Civil Rights legislation finished what Reconstruction legislation started in terms of legally ensuring equality for Blacks. It, in essence, leveled the playing field for minorities, women and the disabled and was the result of the most massive social movement in history. Booth’s bullet altered the course of the nation because Vice President Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln were often diametrically opposed regarding the reconstruction of the South and the degree of civil liberties the freed slaves were to be afforded. Johnson used the presidency to further his own agenda of oppression and revenge on the South following the Civil War. His actions retarded the progression of Reconstruction and in many ways stopped it altogether. The remnants of the Johnson Presidency felt in the South lasted long after his death. The devastated South never received economic help that had been previously promised by Lincoln thus never fully recovered economically. The oppression of Blacks likely continued to a greater degree and for a longer period of time due to Lincoln’s assassination. The cumulative amount of human misery caused by Johnson is incalculable. â€Å"Johnson, who took office after Lincoln’s death, was the only Southern se nator not to leave office upon secession. Lincoln had put him on the presidential ticket as a symbol of unity, but Johnson was a southern Democrat who was not sympathetic to Lincoln’s Republican Party or to helping the newly-freed slaves† (â€Å"What if†, 2007). Despite Johnson’s efforts to the contrary, Congress passed

Graphic design is the branch of visual art Essay

Graphic design is the branch of visual art - Essay Example By effectiveness, we mean how much power a design has to motivate people or help them identify a company. For example, where a one or two letter sign may be effective in identifying a company such as BP, it is not effective for another company simply identified as B. Plus; presentation of an idea does not necessarily mean it was communicated accurately. A scribbled "keep off grass" sign is not as effective as a neatly designed "keep off grass" sign with an appropriately designed logo. Also, just because a sign communicates effectively does not mean what it communicates is good. Governments have become masters at influencing citizens with graphic design by communicating messages sometimes to support darkly political objectives. Graphic design is the branch of visual art dedicated to communicating messages. It is most used in marketing and brand recognition strategies. Having watch and listened to a video of a talk about design given by David Carson, I walk away with certain understandings about graphic design.

Italian and German Unification Essay Example for Free

Italian and German Unification Essay During the years from 1858 to 1871 Italy and afterward Germany emerged as unified countries with one constitution and changed the path of history in Europe and consequently the whole world by shifting and changing or in many cases simply disturbing the balance of power not only in Europe but in the world. Both incidents were the direct results of various nationalist movements in both countries which share similarities and have differences in the basic ideologies behind them and the methods undertaken by their political leaders who made the unifications possible. In Italy the unification movement was lead by Conte di Camillo Benso Cavour (1810-61), who was the prime minister of the government of Piedmont-Sardinia, a constitutional monarchy. Cavour was a nobleman with liberal ideas while the leader of the German unification Prince Otto Edward Leopold von Bismarck, (1815-1898), the chancellor of Prussia, a conservative and absolutist monarchy was a Junker (German noble landowners) and a fanatical conservative. (Merriman Ch. 17) Yet, not only the difference in situations surrounding the social and political life both in Italian and German lands in internal and international stages at the time of unifications, but the differences between the social and political background of these two leaders and their very own way of thinking and ideologies made their methods and the paths of unifications of their homelands different from one another. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences in the methods undertaken by both leaders to achieve unification and to some extent the results of the two incidents. Further it will weigh the promises for democratization against the potential strengths or shortcomings of national unification in these countries. The very first characteristic of both movements that attracts one’s attention is the fact that both goals were achieved by the means of military and political manipulations and maneuvers, although ironically enough, the early attempts made to unify the states under a same flag both in German and Italian lands were made by liberals and in many cases even republicans who in fact gave birth to the modern idea of unified Germany and unified Italy. But all the attempts made by liberals and republicans in the way of Italian and German causes either by political and peaceful means or through revolts and revolutions were total failures and almost all of them ended up in disasters for their leaders and in many cases for every-day average person. As Germany, Italy was characterized â€Å"by the slow and late public emergence of the bourgeois politics and by an accentuated localism both in the collective expectations and social relationships. † (Caglioti) As an example of political and peaceful attempts made by more moderate liberals one can point to the Parliament of Frankfurt which desperately but unsuccessfully tried to force the rulers of the fragmented German states to come together and unify under the rule of Hohenzolern dynasty during the revolutions of 1848-49, and as an example of more radical turn of the unification movements one can look at the revolution of 1848-49 in Italy in which nationalist radical currents along with republican followers of Mazzini conducted revolts against the Habsburg rule and their military presence as well as conservative local rulers of fragmented so called â€Å"Italian† states throughout the peninsula and northern states which ended up in defeat for revolutionaries in the hands of Austrian armies and local conservative forces. (Smith Ch. II) These defeats however, were inspirations for both Bismarck and Cavour to implement the idea of a unified Germany and a unified Italy by means other than peaceful and â€Å"pure political† activities, which had been proven impracticable and incompetent in earlier stages. In other words, although both Bismarck and Cavour were politicians and set the stage for their goals by genus political maneuvers, the final fate of unification both in Italian and German cases were in hands of military and both leaders used military and warfare extensively to settle their word with their opponents. The use of military and warfare not only came to help to prevent the outside opposition to unification cause from destroying it, but it provided both leaders with a very powerful and practical means to strangle any inside opposition conducted either by their political and ideological opponents or the petty rulers of the fragmented states both in Italian and German lands who were the natural claimants and/or opponents to the unification cause. (Merriman Ch. 17) And another ironic fact about the unification attempts made by Cavour and Bismarck is the fact that, although they were trying to unify Germany and Italy under the rule of monarchies with conservative themes, and in the form of very centralized powers and autocratic states. And in case of the government of Prussia even absolutist and totalitarianist, there were very few oppositions and objections to the path of unifications taken by Bismarck and Cavour by liberals and even republicans who in fact opposed and challenged the very existence of the conservative state of Piedmont- Sardinia and the kingdom of Prussia and that in turn had its roots in the fact that liberals and their more radical republican and democrat colleagues were disillusioned by the results of the 1848-49 revolutions and previous attempts made to unify Germany and Italy. (Merriman Ch. 17) The belief of â€Å"Revolution from the bottom†, referred to by radical liberals and republicans were being replaced by the theory of â€Å"Reform from the top† mainly celebrated by moderate conservatives and of course the fact that all those liberals and republicans who were potential opponents to the unification under a conservative rule, were true patriots and all of them were greatly affected by the ideologies of nationalism, if they were not categorized directly as nationalists and that stopped them from opposing to Bismarck and Cavour since in a sense they were all moving towards a same goal when it came to unifying their homelands.

Geoffrey Keynes Research on Cancer Treatment

Geoffrey Keynes Research on Cancer Treatment In God We Trust. All Others Must Have Data Radical surgery had undergone an astonishing boom in the 1950s and 1960s. William Halsted had become the patron saint of cancer surgery in the United States. But at St. Bartholomews Hospital in London, a doctor named Geoffrey Keynes was not convinced. In August 1924, Keynes examined a patient with breast cancer. Rather than reaching indiscriminately for a radical procedure, he opted for a much more conservative strategy. He buried fifty milligrams of radium in her breast to irradiate her tumor and monitored her to observe the effect. Surprisingly, he found a marked improvement. Her tumor had reduced so rapidly that Keynes might be able to remove it with a minor surgery. Over the next five years, Keynes tried other variations of the same strategy. The most successful variation was to remove the tumors with a minor surgery, followed by a small dose of radiation to the breast. Nothing was radical, yet their cancer relapse rate was comparable to those got by using radical surgery in Baltimore and New York. In 1927, Keynes reviewed his experience combining local surgery with radiation in a technical report to his department. But his theory and operation were ignored by American surgeons. They called Keyness surgery lumpectomy. In 1953, a colleague of Keyness gave a lecture on the history of breast cancer at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, focusing on Keyness observations on minimal surgery for the breast. In the audience was a young surgeon named George Barney Crile. Crile had learned the radical mastectomy from students of Halsted. But he was having his own doubts about radical mastectomy. As Crile poured through Keyness data, the flaw in the logic of radical surgery came to light. If the breast cancer was locally confined, then it could be cured by a small local surgery. Radical surgery could add no benefit. If the tumor had already spread outside the breast, then even the most exhaustive surgery would be useless. Crile gave up on radical mastectomy and treated breast cancer using an approach similar to Keyness. Over six years, he found that the effect of his simple mastectomy was remarkably similar to Keyness, with patient survival rates similar to those got from radical mastectomy. A Pennsylvania surgeon named Bernard Fisher had also lost faith in radical mastectomy. In 1971, Fisher organized a clinical trial through the NSABP National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project to test the efficacy of radical mastectomy against lumpectomy+radiation and simple mastectomy. It took Fisher 10 years to gather that data. 1,765 patients from 34 centers in the United States and Canada enrolled in the trial. Patients were randomized into three groups: one treated with simple mastectomy, the second with lumpectomy followed by radiation, and the third with radical Mastectomy. The results of the trial were made public in 1981. The rates of breast cancer relapse, death, and metastasis were statistically identical among all three groups. Radical mastectomy is rarely, if ever, performed by surgeons today. In 1973, a 22-year-old veterinary student in Indiana named John Cleland was diagnosed with metastatic testicular cancer-cancer of the testes. The cancer had metastasized into his lungs and lymph nodes. In 1973, the survival rate for such a cancer was less than 5 percent. Cleland was under the care of a young oncologist named Larry Einhorn in the cancer ward at Indiana University. Einhorn initially treated Cleland with a three-drug cocktail called ABO, which was found to be marginally effective. In the fall of 1974, Einhorn replaced the ABO regimen with a new chemical called cisplatin. Other researchers had seen transient responses in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin. Einhorn wanted to see if he could increase the response rate by combining cisplatin with two other drugs. For Celand, it was a choice between the uncertainty of the new regimen and the certainty of death. He took the gamble and enrolled as patient zero for BVP, the new regimen containing bleomycin, vinbl astine, and cisplatin. Ten days later, the tumors in Clelands lungs had vanished. By 1975, twenty additional patients had enrolled in the trial all with remarkable and durable responses similar to Celands. By the late winter of 1976, it had become clear that some of these patients would not relapse at all. *** Meanwhile, the NCI had turned into a factory of toxins. With money from the National Cancer Act, the institutes drug-discovery program was testing zillions of chemicals each year to discover new cytotoxic drugs. The money also stimulated enormous, multi-site trials, turning academic centers into drug factories and cancer hospitals into efficient trial-running machines. It was trial and error on a humongous scale, not targeted research. In one NCI-sponsored trial, known as the eight-in-one study, children with brain tumors were administered eight drugs in a day. Most of the children died soon afterward, having only marginally responded to the chemotherapy.